Magic realism

Magic realism is an aesthetic style or genre of fiction [1] in which magical elements are blended into a realistic atmosphere in order to access a deeper understanding of reality. These magical elements are explained like normal occurrences that are presented in a straightforward manner which allows the "real" and the "fantastic" to be accepted in the same stream of thought. It has been widely considered a literary and visual art genre; creative fields that exhibit less significant signs of magic realism include film and music.

As used today, the term is broadly descriptive rather than critically rigorous: Matthew Strecher has defined magic realism as "what happens when a highly detailed, realistic setting is invaded by something 'too strange to believe'".[2] However, it may be that this critical perspective towards magical realism stems from the Western reader's disassociation with mythology, a root of magical realism more easily understood by non-Western cultures.[3] Westerners' confusion regarding the style of magical realism is due to the "'conception of the real'" created in a magical realist text; rather than explaining reality using natural or physical laws as in typical Western texts, magical realist texts create a reality "'in which the relation between incidents, characters, and setting could not be based upon or justified by their status within the physical world or their normal acceptance by bourgeois mentality."'[4] Today, there are many varieties of writers whose work is categorized as "magical realist", to such an extent that critics and readers alike are confused as to what the term really means and how wide its borders are.[5]

Contents

Etymology

While the term magical realism wasn't introduced until 1955, magic realism was first used in 1925 by the German art critic Franz Roh to refer to a painterly style also known as Neue Sachlichkeit (the New Objectivity)[6], an alternative championed by fellow German, museum director Gustav Hartlaub.[7] Roh considered magic realism to be related to, but distinctive from, surrealism due to magic realism's focus on the material object and the actual existence of things in the world, as opposed to the more cerebral, psychological and subconscious reality explored by the surrealists.[8] Magic realism was later used to describe the uncanny realism by American painters such as Ivan Albright, Paul Cadmus, George Tooker and other artists during the 1940s and 1950s. However, in contrast with its use in literature, magical realist art does not often include overtly fantastic or magical content, but rather looks at the mundane, the every day, through a hyper-realistic and often mysterious lens;[9] the extent to which magical elements enter in visual art depend on the subcategory, discussed in detail below.

The theoretical implications of Roh's magic realism had a great influence on European and Latin American literature, for instance, on Italian Massimo Bontempelli. Argued by some to be the first magic realist creative writer, Bontempelli sought to present the "mysterious and fantastic quality of reality". He claimed that literature could function as a means to create a collective consciousness by "opening new mythical and magical perspectives on reality", and used his writings as a means to inspire an Italian nation governed by Fascism.[10] Venezuelan Arturo Uslar-Pietri was closely associated with Roh's form of magic realism and knew Bontempelli in Paris. Rather than following Cuban writer Alejo Carpentier's developing versions of "the (Latin) American marvelous real", Uslar-Pietri's writings emphasize "the mystery of human living amongst the reality of life". He considered magic realism to "be a continuation of the ' vanguardia ' [or Avant-garde] modernist experimental writings of Latin America."[11]

Literary magic realism is commonly understood to have originated from Latin America. Writers would often travel back and forth between their home country and European cultural hubs, such as Paris or Berlin, and were in turn influenced by the art movement of that time. [12][13] Carpentier and Uslar-Pietri, for example, were strongly influenced by European artistic movements, such as Surrealism, during their stays in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s. [14] Nevertheless, one major event is considered irrefutably as the link between painterly and literary magic realisms: the translation and publication of Roh's book into Spanish by Spain's Revista de Occidente in 1927, headed by major literary figure José Ortega y Gasset. "Within a year, Magic Realism was being applied to the prose of European authors in the literary circles of Buenos Aires".[15] Particularly, with his first magical realist publication of Historia universal de la infamia in 1935, Jorge Luis Borges inspired and encouraged other Latin American writers in the development of magical realism[16]. Between 1940 and 1950, magical realism in Latin America reached its peak with prominent writers appearing mainly in South America, more specifically in Argentina[17].

Literature

Characteristics

The extent to which the characteristics listed below apply to any given magic realist text varies; every text is different and will employ a smattering of those listed here. However, they do serve as a good judge of what one might expect from a magic realist text.

Fantastical elements

As recently as 2008, magical realism in literature has been defined as "a kind of modern fiction in which fabulous and fantastical events are included in a narrative that otherwise maintains the 'reliable' tone of objective realistic report, designating a tendency of the modern novel to reach beyond the confines of realism and draw upon the energies of fable, folk tale, and myth while maintaining a strong contemporary social relevance. The fantastic attributes given to characters in such novels — levitation, flight, telepathy, telekinesis — are among the means that magic realism adopts in order to encompass the often phantasmagorical political realities of the 20th century."[18]

Plenitude

An idea championed by Alejo Carpentier in an essay entitled "The Baroque and the Marvelous Real", the baroque is defined by a lack of emptiness, a departure from structure or rules, and an "extraordinary" plenitude of disorienting detail (citing Mondrian as its polar opposite). From this angle, we can say that Carpentier views the baroque as a layering of elements, which translates easily into the post-colonial or transcultural Latin American atmosphere that Carpentier emphasizes in The Kingdom of this World.[19] "America, a continent of symbiosis, mutations...mestizaje, engenders the baroque",[20] made explicit by elaborate Aztec temples and associative Nahuatl poetry. These mixing ethnicities grow together with the American baroque; the space in between is where the "marvelous real" can be seen. Marvelous: not meaning beautiful and pleasant, but extraordinary, strange, excellent. Such a complex system of layering – encompassed in the Latin American "boom" novel, such as One Hundred Years of Solitude - has as its aim, "translating the scope of America".[21]

Hybridity

It is characteristic of magical realism for plot lines to utilize multiple planes of reality taking place in "inharmonious arenas of such opposites as urban and rural, and Western and indigenous"[22][23]. For example, as seen in Julio Cortázar's "La noche boca arriba," an individual experiences two realistic situations simultaneously in the same place but during two different time periods, centuries apart[24]. These two realities are connected by his dreamlike state; it is this small bit of magic that allows these multiple planes of reality to be possible that would not exist otherwise [25]. Overall, they serve to establish "a more deep and true reality than conventional realist techniques would illustrate"[26][27].

Metafiction

This trait centers on the reader's role in literature. With its multiple realities and specific reference to the reader’s world, it explores the impact fiction has on reality, reality on fiction and the reader’s role in between; as such, it is very well suited for drawing attention to social and/or political criticism. Furthermore, it is the tool paramount in the execution of a related and major magic realist phenomenon: textualization. This term can be defined twofold. First of all, where a fictitious reader enters into the story within a story while reading it, making us, the reader, self-conscious of our readerly status, and secondly, where the textual world enters into the reader's (our) world. Good sense would negate this process but ‘magic’ is the flexible topos which allows it.[28]

Authorial reticence

Authorial reticence is the "deliberate withholding of information and explanations about the disconcerting fictitious world".[29] The narrator does not provide explanations about the accuracy or credibility of events described or views expressed by characters in the text. Further, the narrator is indifferent, a characteristic enhanced by this absence of explanation of fantastic events; the story proceeds with "logical precision" as if nothing extraordinary took place.[30][31] Note that the act of explaining the supernatural would immediately reduce the legitimacy of this world in comparison to the natural world; the reader would consequently disregard the supernatural as false testimony.

Sense of mystery

Something that most, if not all, critics agree on is this major theme. Magic realist literature tends to read at a very intensified level. Taking the seminal work of the style, One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel García Márquez, the reader must let go of preexisting ties to conventional exposition, plot advancement, linear time structure, scientific reason, etc., in an attempt to disregard natural assumptions in order to reach a state of heightened awareness about all life's connectedness or life's 'hidden meaning'. Carpentier articulates this feeling as "to seize the mystery that breathes behind things"[32] and further supports the claim by stating that a writer must heighten his senses to the point of "estado limite" [translated as "limit state" or "extreme" [33]] in order to realize all levels of reality, most importantly that of mystery.[34]

Collective consciousness

The Mexican critic Luis Leal has said, "without thinking of the concept of magical realism, each writer gives expression to a reality he observes in the people. To me, magical realism is an attitude on the part of the characters in the novel toward the world," or toward nature. He adds, "If you can explain it, then it's not magical realism."[35]

Political critique

Magic realism contains an "implicit criticism of society, particularly the elite".[36] Especially with regard to Latin America, the style breaks from the inarguable discourse of "privileged centers of literature".[37] This is a mode primarily about and for "ex-centrics": the geographically, socially and economically marginalized. Therefore, magic realism's ‘alternative world’ works to correct the reality of established viewpoints (like realism, naturalism, modernism). Magic realist texts, under this logic, are subversive texts, revolutionary against socially dominant forces. Alternatively, the socially dominant may implement magical realism to disassociate themselves from their "power discourse".[38] Theo D’haen titles this change in perspective, "decentering". Upon consideration, Latin America is the ideal locale and starting place for such literary subversions to a dominant power, from the colonizers to the dictators. It is interesting to note the United States’ reluctance at openly using the term, as they are one of the world’s most "privileged centers".[39]

Major topics in criticism

Ambiguities in definition

Determining who coined the term magical realism (as opposed to magic realism) is a controversial topic among literary critics. Maggie Ann Bowers argues that it first emerged in the 1955 essay "Magical Realism in Spanish American Fiction" by critic Angel Flores. She notes that while Flores names Jorge Luis Borges as the first magical realist (some critics would consider him to be a predecessor and not actually a magical realist), he fails to acknowledge either Alejo Carpentier or Arturo Uslar-Pietri for bringing Roh's magic realism to Latin America. [40] However, both Luis Leal and Irene Guenther, (referencing Pietri and Jean Weisgerber texts, respectively), attest to the fact that Pietri was one of the first, if not the first, to borrow the term and apply it to Latin American literature.[41][42] Leal and Guenther both quote Pietri, who described "...man as a mystery surrounded by realistic facts. A poetic prediction or a poetic denial of reality. What for lack of another name could be called a magical realism." [43] It is worth noting that Pietri, in presenting his term for this literary tendency, always kept its definition open by means of a language more lyrical and evocative than strictly critical, as in this 1948 statement. When academic critics attempted to define magical realism with scholarly exactitude, they discovered that it was more powerful than precise. Critics, frustrated by their inability to pin down the term's meaning, have urged its complete abandonment. Yet in Arturo Uslar-Pietri's vague, ample usage, magical realism was wildly successful in summarizing for many readers their perception of much Latin American fiction; this fact suggests that the term has its uses, so long as it is not expected to function with the precision expected of technical, scholarly terminology."

Lo real maravilloso

The Cuban writer Alejo Carpentier originated the term lo real maravilloso (roughly the "marvelous reality") in the prologue to his novel The Kingdom of this World (1949); however it is debated whether he is truly a magical realist writer, or simply a precursor and source of inspiration. Maggie Bowers claims he is widely acknowledged as the originator of Latin American magical realism (as both a novelist and critic);[44] she describes Carpentier's conception to be of a kind of heightened reality in which elements of the miraculous could appear while seeming natural and unforced. She suggests that by disassociating himself and his writings from Roh's painterly magic realism, Carpentier aimed to show how, by virtue of Latin America's varied history, geography, demography, politics, myths and beliefs, improbable and marvelous things are made possible. [45] Furthermore, Carpentier's meaning is that Latin America is a land filled with marvels, and that "writing about this land automatically produces a literature of marvelous reality."[46]

Alejo Carpentier

"The marvelous" may be easily confused with magical realism, as both modes introduce supernatural events without surprising the implied author. In both, these magical events are expected and accepted as everyday occurrences. However, the marvelous world is a unidimensional world. The implied author believes that anything can happen here as the entire world is filled with supernatural beings and situations to begin with; fairy tales are a good example of marvelous literature. The important idea in defining the marvelous is that the reader understands that this fictional world is different from the world in which he/she lives. The "marvelous" one-dimensional world differs from the bidimensional world of magical realism, as in the latter, the supernatural realm blends with the natural, familiar world (arriving at the combination of two layers of reality: bidimensional).[47] While the terms magical realism and lo real maravilloso are often used interchangeably, the key difference lies in the focus.[48]

Critic Luis Leal attests that Carpentier was an originating pillar of the magical realist style by implicitly referring to the latter's critical works, writing that "the existence of the marvelous real is what started magical realist literature, which some critics claim is the truly American literature."[49] It can consequently be drawn that Carpentier's "lo real maravilloso" is especially distinct from magical realism by the fact that the former applies specifically to America. [50] On that note, Lee A. Daniel categorizes critics of Carpentier into three groups: those that don't consider him to be a magical realist whatsoever (Ángel Flores), those that call him "a mágicorealista writer with no mention of his "lo real maravilloso" (Gómez Gil, Jean Franco, Carlos Fuentes)" and those that use the two terms interchangeably (Fernando Alegria, Luis Leal, Emir Rodriguez Monegal).[51]

Latin American exclusivity

Criticism that Latin America is the birthplace and cornerstone of all things magic realist is quite common. Angel Flores does not deny that magical realism is an international commodity but articulates that it has a Hispanic birthplace, writing that "magical realism is a continuation of the romantic realist tradition of Spanish language literature and its European counterparts".[52] And Flores is not alone on this front; indeed, there seems to be somewhat of a battle between those who see magical realism as a Latin American invention and those who see it as the global product of a postmodern world.[53] Irene Guenther concludes, "conjecture aside, it is in Latin America that [magical realism] was primarily seized by literary criticism and was, through translation and literary appropriation, transformed".[54] Nevertheless, magic realism has taken on an internationalization: dozens of non-Hispanic writers are categorized as such, and many believe that it truly is an international commodity.[55]

Postmodernism

Taking into account that theoretically, magical realism was born in the 20th century, connecting it to postmodernism is a logical next step. To further connect the two concepts, there are descriptive commonalities between the two which Belgian critic Theo D'haen addresses in his essay on the subject, "Magical Realism and Postmodernism". Authors Günter Grass, Thomas Bernhard, Peter Handke, Italo Calvino, John Fowles, Angela Carter, John Banville, Michel Tournier, Willem Brakman and Louis Ferron are widely considered postmodernist, but might "just as easily be categorized...magic realist".[56] A list has been compiled of characteristics one might typically attribute to postmodernism, but which also could describe literary magic realism: "self-reflexiveness, metafiction, eclecticism, redundancy, multiplicity, discontinuity, intertextuality, parody, the dissolution of character and narrative instance, the erasure of boundaries, and the destabilization of the reader".[57] To further connect the two, magical realism and postmodernism share the themes of post-colonial discourse, in which jumps in time and focus cannot really be explained with scientific but rather with magical reasoning; textualization (of the reader); and metafiction [more detail: under Themes and Qualities].

Concerning attitude toward audience, the two have a lot in common. Magical realist works do not seek to primarily satisfy a popular audience, but instead, a sophisticated audience that must be attuned to noticing textual "subtleties".[58] While the postmodern writer condemns escapist literature (like fantasy, crime, ghost fiction), he/she is inextricably related to it concerning readership. There are two modes in postmodern literature: one, commercially successful pop fiction, and the other, philosophy, better suited to intellectuals. A singular reading of the first mode will render a distorted or reductive understanding of the text. The fictitious reader - such as Aureliano from 100 Years of Solitude - is the hostage used to express the writer’s anxiety on this issue of who is reading the work and to what ends, and of how the writer is forever reliant upon the needs and desires of readers (the market).[59] The magic realist writer with difficulty must reach a balance between saleability and intellectual integrity.

Talking about magic realism as a contemporary phenomenon which departs from modernism and enters into postmodernism, "magic realist fictions do seem more youthful and popular than their modernist predecessors, in that they often (though not always) cater with unidirectional story lines to our basic desire to hear what happens next. Thus they may be more clearly designed for the entertainment of readers".[60]

Comparison with related genres

When attempting to define what something is, it is often helpful to define what something is not. It is also important to note that many literary critics attempt to classify novels and literary works in only one genre, such as "romantic" or "naturalist," not always taking into account that many works fall into multiple categories. [61] Much discussion is cited from Maggie Ann Bowers' book Magic(al) Realism, wherein she attempts to delimit the terms magic and magical realism by examining the relationships with other genres such as realism, surrealism, fantastic literature and science fiction.

Realism

Realism is an attempt to create a depiction of actual life; a novel does not simply rely on what it presents but how it presents it. In this way, a realist narrative acts as framework by which the reader constructs a world using the raw materials of life. Understanding both realism and magical realism within the realm of a narrative mode is key to understanding both terms. Magical realism "relies upon the presentation of real, imagined or magical elements as if they were real. [It furthermore] relies upon realism but only so that it can stretch what is acceptable as real to its limits."[62] As a simple point of comparison, Roh's differentiation between expressionism and post-expressionism as described in German Art in the 20th Century, may be applied to magic realism and realism. Realism pertains to the terms "history," "mimetic," "familiarization," "empiricism/logic," "narration," "closure-ridden/reductive naturalism," and "rationalization/cause and effect."[63] On the other hand, magic realism encompasses the terms "myth/legend," "fantastic/supplementation," "defamiliarization," "mysticism/magic," "meta-narration," "open-ended/expansive romanticism," and "imagination/negative capability."[64]

Surrealism

Surrealism is often confused with magical realism as they both explore illogical or non-realist aspects of humanity and existence. There is a strong historical connection between Franz Roh's concept of magic realism and surrealism, as well as the resulting influence on Carpentier's marvelous reality; however, important differences remain. Surrealism "is most distanced from magical realism [in that] the aspects that it explores are associated not with material reality but with the imagination and the mind, and in particular it attempts to express the 'inner life' and psychology of humans through art." It seeks to express the sub-conscious, unconscious, the repressed and inexpressible. Magical realism, on the other hand, rarely presents the extraordinary in the form of a dream or a psychological experience. "To do so," Bowers writes, "takes the magic of recognizable material reality and places it into the little understood world of the imagination. The ordinariness of magical realism's magic relies on its accepted and unquestioned position in tangible and material reality."[65]

Fantasy

Prominent English-language fantasy writers have stated that "magic realism" is only another name for fantasy fiction. Gene Wolfe said, "magic realism is fantasy written by people who speak Spanish,"[66], and Terry Pratchett said magic realism "is like a polite way of saying you write fantasy".[67] However, Amaryll Beatrice Chanady distinguishes magical realist literature from fantasy literature ("the fantastic") based on differences between three shared dimensions: the use of antinomy (the simultaneous presence of two conflicting codes), the inclusion of events that cannot be integrated into a logical framework, and the use of authorial reticence. In fantasy, the presence of the supernatural code is perceived as problematic, something to which special attention is drawn, whereas in magical realism the presence of the supernatural is accepted. While in fantasy, authorial reticence creates a disturbing effect on the reader, it works to integrate the supernatural into the natural framework in magical realism. This integration is made possible in magical realism as the author presents the supernatural as being equally valid to the natural. There is no hierarchy expressed between the two codes.[68] The ghost of Melquíades in Márquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude or the baby ghost in Toni Morrison's Beloved who visit or haunt the inhabitants of their previous residence are both presented by the narrator as ordinary occurrences; the reader, therefore, accepts the marvelous as normal and common.[69]

To Dr. Clark Zlotchew, the differentiating factor between the fantastic and magical realism is that in fantastic literature, such as Kafka's short story "Metamorphosis", there is a hesitation experienced by the protagonist, implied author or reader in deciding whether to attribute natural or supernatural causes to an unsettling event, or between rational or irrational explanations.[70] Fantastic literature has also been defined as a piece of narrative in which there is a constant faltering between belief and non-belief in the supernatural or extraordinary event.

In Leal's view, magical realism has a tropical (or llano [plains] or desert) context,[71] but he says that the fiction of Julio Cortázar contains only "the fantastic", not magical realism.[72] He distinguished as follows: "in fantastic literature — in Borges, for example — the writer creates new worlds, perhaps new planets. By contrast, writers like García Márquez, who use magical realism, don't create new worlds, but suggest the magical in our world."[73] Even Cortázar's short story "Casa Tomada", about a brother and sister whose house is taken over by someone or something mysterious, for Leal is an example of the fantastic and not magical realism.[72]

Science fiction

While science fiction and magical realism both bend the notion of what is real, toy with human imagination, and are forms of (often fantastical) fiction, they differ greatly. Bower's cites Aldous Huxley's Brave New World as a novel which exemplifies the science fiction novel's requirement of a "rational, physical explanation for any unusual occurrences." Huxley portrays a world in which the population is highly controlled with mood enhancing drugs, which are controlled by the government; in this world, there is no link between copulation and reproduction. Humans are produced in giant test tubes, where their fates are determined by chemical alterations during "gestation." Bowers argues that "the science fiction narrative's distinct difference from magical realism is that it is set in a world different from any known reality and its realism resides in the fact that we can recognize it as a possibility for our future. Unlike magical realism, it does not have a realistic setting that is recognizable in relation to any past or present reality."[74]

Major authors and works

Although there is much debate among critics and writers regarding who and/or which works fall within the genre of magical realism, the following authors tend to be regarded as most representative of the narrative mode. Franz Kafka, writing in the 1920s, is arguably the founder of the genre. Within the Latin American world, perhaps the most iconic of magical realist novelist is Nobel Laureate Gabriel García Márquez, whose novel One Hundred Years of Solitude was an instant worldwide success.

Plaque of Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Paris

García Márquez confessed: "my most important problem was destroying the line of demarcation that separates what seems real from what seems fantastic".[75] The first woman writer from Latin America to be recognized outside the continent was Isabel Allende. Her most well-known novel The House of the Spirits is arguably quite similar to Marquez's style of magical realist writing. Another notable novelist is Laura Esquivel, whose Like Water for Chocolate tells the story of the domestic life of women living on the margins of their families and society. The novel's protagonist, Tita, is kept from happiness and marriage by her mother. "Her unrequited love and ostracism from the family lead her to harness her extraordinary powers of imbuing her emotions to the food she makes. In turn, people who eat her food enact her emotions for her. For example, after eating a wedding cake which Tita made while suffering from a forbidden love, the guests all suffer from a wave of longing. Among Latin American writers, Jorge Borges is also regarded as a major exponent of magical realism.

In the English speaking world, major authors include British Indian writer Salman Rushdie, African American novelist Toni Morrison, English author Louis de Bernières and English feminist writer Angela Carter. Perhaps the best known is Rushdie, whose "language form of magical realism straddles both the surrealist tradition of magic realism as it developed in Europe and the mythic tradition of magical realism as it developed in Latin America." Morrison's most notable work, Beloved, tells the story of a mother who, haunted by the ghost of her child, learns to cope with memories of her traumatic childhood as an abused slave and the burden of nurturing children into a harsh and brutal society.[76]

For a detailed list of authors and works considered magical realist please see Category:Magic realism novels

Visual art

Historical development

The painterly style can be said to have begun evolving as early as the 1900s,[77] but the year in which magischer realismus and neue sachlichkeit were officially recognized as major trends was 1925. This was the year that Franz Roh published his book on the subject, Nach Expressionismus: Magischer Realismus: Probleme der neuesten europäischen Malerei (translated as After Expressionism: Magical Realism: Problems of the Newest European Painting) and Gustav Hartlaub curated the seminal exhibition on the theme, entitled simply Neue Sachlichkeit (translated as New Objectivity), at the Kunsthalle Mannheim in Mannheim, Germany.[78] In her article on the subject, Irene Guenther refers most frequently to the New Objectivity, rather than magical realism; perhaps this can be attributed to the fact that the former was initially the more practical based, referential (to real practicing artists) term, while the latter was used more in theoretical or critic's rhetoric. However, with time, the term magic realism was fully embraced by the practicing community, in Germany as well as in Italy, under the guidance of Massimo Bontempelli (organizer of journal 900).[79]

New Objectivity saw an utter rejection of the preceding impressionist and expressionist movements, and Hartlaub curated his exhibition under that guideline: only those "'who have remained true or have returned to a positive, palpable reality'[80] in order to reveal the truth of the times"[81] would be included. The style can then be roughly divided into two subcategories - conservative, (neo-)Classicist painting and generally left-wing, politically motivated Verists.[82] The following quote by Hartlaub distinguishes the two, though mostly with reference to Germany; however, one might apply the logic to all relevant European countries. "In the new art, he saw"[83]

a right, a left wing. One, conservative towards Classicism, taking roots in timelessness, wanting to sanctify again the healthy, physically plastic in pure drawing after nature...after so much eccentricity and chaos [a reference to the repercussions of WWI]... The other, the left, glaringly contemporary, far less artistically faithful, rather born of the negation of art, seeking to expose the chaos, the true face of our time, with an addiction to primitive fact-finding and nervous baring of the self... There is nothing left but to affirm it [the new art], especially since it seems strong enough to raise new artistic willpower.[84]

Both sides were seen all over Europe during the 1920s and 1930s, ranging from the Netherlands to Austria, France to Russia, with Germany and Italy as centers of growth.[85] Indeed, Italian Giorgio de Chirico, producing works in the late 1910s under the style arte metafisica (translated as Metaphysical art), is seen as a precursor and as having an "influence...greater than any other painter on the artists of New Objectivity".[86][87]

Further afield, American painters were later (in the 1940s and 1950s, mostly) coined magical realists; a link between these artists and the Neue Sachlichkeit of the 1920s was explicitly made in the New York Museum of Modern Art exhibition, tellingly titled "American Realists and Magic Realists".[88] French magical realist Pierre Roy, who worked and showed successfully in the US, is cited as having "helped spread Franz Roh's formulations" to the United States.[89]

Magic realism which excludes the overtly fantastic

When art critic Franz Roh introduced the term magic realism with reference to visual art in 1925, he was designating a style of visual art which brings extreme realism to the depiction of mundane subject matter, revealing an "interior" mystery, rather than imposing external, overtly magical features onto this everyday reality. Roh explains,

We are offered a new style that is thoroughly of this world that celebrates the mundane. This new world of objects is still alien to the current idea of Realism. It employs various techniques that endow all things with a deeper meaning and reveal mysteries that always threaten the secure tranquility of simple and ingenuous things.... it is a question of representing before our eyes, in an intuitive way, the fact, the interior figure, of the exterior world.[90]

In painting, magical realism (in this sense) is a term often used interchangeably with post-expressionism, as Ríos also shows, for the very title of Roh's 1925 essay was "Magical Realism:Post-Expressionism".[90] Indeed, as Dr. Lois Parkinson Zamora of the University of Houston writes, "Roh, in his 1925 essay, described a group of painters whom we now categorize generally as Post-Expressionists." [11]

Alexander Kanoldt, Still Life II 1922

Roh used this term to describe painting which signaled a return to realism after expressionism's extravagances which sought to redesign objects to reveal the spirits of those objects. Magical realism, according to Roh, instead faithfully portrays the exterior of an object, and in doing so the spirit, or magic, of the object reveals itself. One could relate this exterior magic all the way back to the 15th century. Flemish painter Van Eyck (1395-1441) highlights the complexity of a natural landscape by creating illusions of continuous and unseen areas that recede into the background, leaving it to the viewer's imagination to fill in those gaps in the image: for instance, in a rolling landscape with river and hills. The magic is contained in the viewer's interpretation of those mysterious unseen or hidden parts of the image.[91]

Other important aspects of magical realist painting, according to Roh, include:

The pictorial ideals of Roh's original magic realism continued to attract new generations of artists through the latter years of the 20th century and beyond. In a 1991 New York Times review, critic Vivien Raynor remarked that "John Stuart Ingle proves that Magic Realism lives" in his "virtuoso" still life watercolors.[92] Ingle's approach, as described in his own words, reflects very much the early inspiration of the magic realism movement as described by Roh; that is, the aim is not to add magical elements to a realistic painting, but to pursue a radically faithful rendering of reality; the "magic" effect on the viewer comes from the intensity of that effort: "I don't want to make arbitrary changes in what I see to paint the picture, I want to paint what is given. The whole idea is to take something that's given and explore that reality as intensely as I can." [93][94]

Later development: magic realism which incorporates the fantastic

Paul Cadmus, The Fleet's In! 1934

While Ingle represents a "magic realism" that harks back to Roh's ideas, the term "magic realism" in mid-20th century visual art tends to refer to work which incorporates overtly fantastic elements, somewhat in the manner of its literary counterpart.

Occupying a somewhat intermediate place in this line of development, the work of several European and American painters whose most important work dates from the 1930s through to the 1950s, including Bettina Shaw-Lawrence, Paul Cadmus, Ivan Albright, Philip Evergood, George Tooker, even Andrew Wyeth, is often designated as "magic realist". Some of this work departs sharply from Roh's definition, in that it (according to artcyclopedia.com) "is anchored in everyday reality, but has overtones of fantasy or wonder." [95] In the work of Cadmus, for example, the surreal atmosphere is sometimes achieved via stylized distortions or exaggerations which are not, strictly speaking, realistic.

More recent "magic realism" has gone beyond mere "overtones" of the fantastic or surreal to depict a more frankly magical reality, with an increasingly tenuous anchoring in "everyday reality". Artists associated with this kind of magic realism include Marcela Donoso[96][97][98][99][100] and Gregory Gillespie.[101][102][103]

Artists such as Peter Doig and Will Teather have become associated with the term in the early 21st century.

See also

With reference to literature

With reference to visual art

With reference to both

References

  1. ↑ Faris, Wendy B. and Lois Parkinson Zamora, Introduction to Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community, pp. 5
  2. ↑ Matthew C. Strecher, Magical Realism and the Search for Identity in the Fiction of Murakami Haruki, Journal of Japanese Studies, Volume 25, Number 2 (Summer 1999), pp. 263-298, at 267.
  3. ↑ Faris, Wendy B. and Lois Parkinson Zamora, Introduction to Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community, pp. 3-4
  4. ↑ Simpkins, Scott. "Magical Strategies: The Supplement of Realism". Twentieth Century Literature 34.2 (1988): 140-154. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/441074>.
  5. ↑ Guenther, Irene, "Magic Realism in the Weimar Republic" tackles German roots of the term, and how art is related to literature
  6. ↑ Franz Roh: Nach-Expressionismus. Magischer Realismus. Probleme der neuesten europäischen Malerei. Klinkhardt & Biermann, Leipzig 1925.
  7. ↑ Guenther, Irene, "Magic Realism in the Weimar Republic" from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 33
  8. ↑ Bowers, Maggie A. Magic(al) Realism. New York: Routledge, 2004. Print.
  9. ↑ Guenther, Irene, "Magic Realism in the Weimar Republic" from MR: Theory, History, Community
  10. ↑ Bowers, Maggie A. Magic(al) Realism. New York: Routledge, 2004. Print.
  11. ↑ Bowers, Maggie A. Magic(al) Realism. New York: Routledge, 2004. Print.
  12. ↑ Faris, Wendy B. and Lois Parkinson Zamora, Introduction to Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community, pp. 3-4
  13. ↑ Carpentier, Alejo: "The Baroque and the Marvelous Real (1975)" from MR: Theory, History, Community
  14. ↑ Bowers, Maggie A. Magic(al) Realism. New York: Routledge, 2004. Print.
  15. ↑ Guenther, Irene, "Magic realism in the Weimar Republic" from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 61, wherein Guenther further backs up this statement
  16. ↑ Flores, Angel. "Magical Realism in Spanish American Fiction". Hispania 38.2 (1955): 187-192. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/335812>.
  17. ↑ Flores, Angel. "Magical Realism in Spanish American Fiction". Hispania 38.2 (1955): 187-192. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/335812>.
  18. ↑ The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, 3rd ed., 2008
  19. ↑ Carpentier, Alejo, El Reino de este Mundo
  20. ↑ Carpentier, Alejo, "The baroque and the marvelous real" from MR: Theory History, Community
  21. ↑ Carpentier, Alejo, "The baroque and the marvelous real" from Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community, pp.107
  22. ↑ "Post Colonial Studies at Emory". 1998. http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/MagicalRealism.html. Retrieved June 18, 2009. 
  23. ↑ Daniel, Lee A. "Realismo Magico: True Realism with a Pinch of Magic". The South Central Bulletin. 42.4 (1982): 129-130. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/ stable/3188273>.
  24. ↑ Daniel, Lee A. "Realismo Magico: True Realism with a Pinch of Magic". The South Central Bulletin. 42.4 (1982): 129-130. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/ stable/3188273>.
  25. ↑ Daniel, Lee A. "Realismo Magico: True Realism with a Pinch of Magic". The South Central Bulletin. 42.4 (1982): 129-130. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/ stable/3188273>.
  26. ↑ "Post Colonial Studies at Emory". 1998. http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/MagicalRealism.html. Retrieved June 18, 2009. 
  27. ↑ Daniel, Lee A. "Realismo Magico: True Realism with a Pinch of Magic". The South Central Bulletin. 42.4 (1982): 129-130. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/ stable/3188273>.
  28. ↑ Thiem, Jon, "The Textualization of the Reader in Magical Realist Fiction" from MR: Theory, History, Community
  29. ↑ Chanady, Amaryll Beatrice. Magical Realism and the Fantastic: Resolved versus Unresolved Antinomy. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1985. pg. 16
  30. ↑ Flores, Angel. "Magical Realism in Spanish American Fiction". Hispania 38.2 (1955): 187-192. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/335812>.
  31. ↑ Chanady, Amaryll Beatrice. Magical Realism and the Fantastic: Resolved versus Unresolved Antinomy. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1985. pg. 30
  32. ↑ Carpentier, Alejo, "The baroque and the marvelous real" from MR: Theory, History, Community
  33. ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_realism&action=editstate
  34. ↑ Carpentier, Alejo, "On the Marvelous Real in America", the Introduction to his novel, The Kingdom of this World
  35. ↑ García, Leal, p. 127–128
  36. ↑ "Twentieth-Century Spanish American Literature". University of Texas Press. 194. http://www-english.tamu.edu/pers/fac/andreadis/474H_ahapw/Definition_Magic.Realism.html. Retrieved June 18, 2009. 
  37. ↑ D'haen, Theo, "Magical realism and postmodernism: decentering privileged centers" from MR: Theory, History, Community
  38. ↑ D'haen, Theo, "Magical realism and postmodernism: decentering privileged centers" from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 195
  39. ↑ D'Haen, Theo, "Magical realism and postmodernism: decentering privileged centers" from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 201
  40. ↑ Bowers, Maggie A. Magic(al) Realism. New York: Routledge, 2004. Print.
  41. ↑ Leal, Luis, "Magical Realism in Spanish America" from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 120
  42. ↑ Guenther, Irene, "Magic Realism in the Weimar Republic" from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 61
  43. ↑ Pietri, Arturo Uslar, Letras y hombres de Venezuela. Mexico City, Fondo de Cultura Economica: 1949. pp. 161-61
  44. ↑ Bowers, Maggie A. Magic(al) Realism. New York: Routledge, 2004. Print.
  45. ↑ Bowers, Maggie A. Magic(al) Realism. New York: Routledge, 2004. Print.
  46. ↑ Zlotchew, Dr. Clark. Varieties of Magical Realism. New Jersey: Academic Press ENE, 2007.
  47. ↑ Zlotchew, Dr. Clark. Varieties of Magical Realism. New Jersey: Academic Press ENE, 2007. p. 15
  48. ↑ Zlotchew, Dr. Clark. Varieties of Magical Realism. New Jersey: Academic Press ENE, 2007. p. 11
  49. ↑ Leal, Luis, "Magical Realism in Spanish America" from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 122
  50. ↑ Juan Barroso VIII, Daniel, Lee A. "Realismo Magico: True Realism with a Pinch of Magic". The South Central Bulletin. 42.4 (1982): 129-130. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3188273>.
  51. ↑ Daniel, Lee A. "Realismo Magico: True Realism with a Pinch of Magic". The South Central Bulletin. 42.4 (1982): 129-130. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3188273>.
  52. ↑ Flores, Angel, "Magical Realism in Spanish America" from MR: Theory, History, Community
  53. ↑ Faris, Wendy B. and Lois Parkinson Zamora, Introduction to MR: Theory, History, Community
  54. ↑ Guenther, Irene, "Magic Realism in the Weimar Republic" from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 61
  55. ↑ Faris, Wendy B. and Lois Parkinson Zamora, Introduction to MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 4 and 8
  56. ↑ D'haen, Theo L., "Magical realism and postmodernism" from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 193
  57. ↑ D'haen, Theo L., "Magical realism and postmodernism" from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 192-3 [D'haen references many texts which attest to these qualities]
  58. ↑ Flores, Angel. "Magical Realism in Spanish American Fiction". Hispania 38.2 (1955): 187-192. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/335812>.
  59. ↑ Thiem, Jon, "The textualization of the reader in magical realist fiction" from MR: Theory, History, Community
  60. ↑ Wendy Faris, "Scheherezade's Children: Magical Realism and Postmodern Fiction", from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 163
  61. ↑ Flores, Angel. "Magical Realism in Spanish American Fiction". Hispania 38.2 (1955): 187-192. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/335812>.
  62. ↑ Bowers, Maggie A. Magic(al) Realism, pp. 22. New York: Routledge, 2004. Print.
  63. ↑ Simpkins, Scott. "Magical Strategies: The Supplement of Realism". Twentieth Century Literature 34.2 (1988): 140-154. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/441074>.
  64. ↑ Simpkins, Scott. "Magical Strategies: The Supplement of Realism". Twentieth Century Literature 34.2 (1988): 140-154. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/441074>.
  65. ↑ Bowers, Maggie A. Magic(al) Realism, pp. 22-24. New York: Routledge, 2004. Print.
  66. ↑ Wolfe, Gene; Baber, Brendan. "Gene Wolfe Interview". In Wright, Peter. Shadows of the New Sun: Wolfe on Writing/Writers on Wolfe. http://books.google.com/books?id=MkPfjCVo3g4C&pg=PA132. Retrieved 2009-01-20. 
  67. ↑ "Terry Pratchett by Linda Richards". januarymagazine.com. 2002. http://januarymagazine.com/profiles/tpratchett2002.html. Retrieved February 17, 2008. 
  68. ↑ Chanady, Amaryll Beatrice, Magical realism and the fantastic: Resolved versus unresolved antinomy. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1985. pp. 30-31
  69. ↑ Bowers, Maggie A. Magic(al) Realism, pp. 25-27. New York: Routledge, 2004. Print.
  70. ↑ Zlotchew, Dr. Clark. Varieties of Magical Realism. New Jersey: Academic Press ENE, 2007. p. 14
  71. ↑ García, Leal, p. 90
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 García, Leal, p. 93.
  73. ↑ García, Leal, p. 89.
  74. ↑ Bowers, Maggie A. Magic(al) Realism, pp. 29-30. New York: Routledge, 2004. Print.
  75. ↑ Interview in Revista Primera Plana - Año V Buenos Aires, 20-26 June 1967 Nº 234, pages 52-55. I have not been able to get my hands on the original material but it is quoted in [1] as "Mi problema más importante era destruir la línea de demarcación que separa lo que parece real de lo que parece fantástico. Porque en el mundo que trataba de evocar esa barrera no existía. Pero necesitaba un tono convincente, que por su propio prestigio volviera verosímiles las cosas que menos lo parecían, y que lo hicieran sin perturbar la unidad del relato" and this agrees well (minor textual variants) with the other quotations I have found in [2]: "El problema más importante era destruir la línea de demarcación que separa lo que parece real de lo que parece fantástico porque en el mundo que trataba de evocar, esa barrera no existía. Pero necesitaba un tono inocente, que por su prestigio volviera verosímiles las cosas que menos lo parecían, y que lo hiciera sin perturbar la unidad del relato. También el lenguaje era una dificultad de fondo, pues la verdad no parece verdad simplemente porque lo sea, sino por la forma en que se diga." Other quotations on the Internet can be found in [3] and [4]. All of these quotations reinforce the rough English translation of the first sentence given in the main text of this article. For those who wish to seek the original interview, the front cover and table of contents are reproduced at [5]
  76. ↑ Bowers, Maggie A. Magic(al) Realism. New York: Routledge, 2004. Print.
  77. ↑ "Austrian Alfred Kubin spent a lifetime wrestling with the uncanny,...[and] in 1909 [he] published Die andere Seite (The Other Side), a novel illustrated with fifty-two drawings. In it, Kubin set out to explore the "other side" of the visible world - the corruption, the evil, the rot, as wella s the poewr and mystery. The border between reality and dream remains consistently nebulous... in certain ways an important precursor [to Magic Realism],...[he] exerted significant influence on subsequent German and Austrian literature." Guenther, Irene, "Magic realism in the Weimar Republic" from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 57.
  78. ↑ Guenther, Irene, "Magic Realism in the Weimar Republic" from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 41
  79. ↑ Guenther, Irene, "Magic Realism in the Weimar Republic" from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 60
  80. ↑ Hartlaub, Gustav, "Werbendes Rundschreiben"
  81. ↑ Guenther, Irene, "Magic realism in the Weimar Republic" from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 41
  82. ↑ Guenther, Irene, "Magic realism in the Weimar Republic" from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 41
  83. ↑ Guenther, Irene, "Magic realism in the Weimar Republic" from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 41
  84. ↑ Westheim, Paul, "Ein neuer Naturalismus?? Eine Rundfrage des Kunstblatts" in Das Kunstblatt 9 (1922)
  85. ↑ Guenther, Irene, "Magic realism in the Weimar Republic" from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 41-45
  86. ↑ Guenther, Irene, "Magic realism in the Weimar Republic" from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 38
  87. ↑ Further, see Wieland Schmied, "Neue Sachlichkeit and German Realism of the Twenties" in Louise Lincoln, ed., German Realism of the Twenties: The Artist as Social Critic. Minneapolis: Minneapolis Institute of Arts, 1980, pp.42
  88. ↑ Dorothy C. Miller and Alfred Barr, eds., American Realists and Magic Realists. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1943
  89. ↑ Guenther, Irene, "Magic realism in the Weimar Republic" from MR: Theory, History, Community, pp. 45
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 [6]
  91. ↑ Crawford, Katherine. "Recognizing Van Eyck: Magical Realism in Landscape Painting". Philadelphia Museum of Art Bulletin. 91. 386/387 (1998): 7-23. Web. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3795460
  92. ↑ Raynor, Vivien (1991-05-19). "ART; The Skill of the Watercolorist". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CEFD91031F93AA25756C0A967958260. Retrieved 2010-05-12. 
  93. ↑ [7]
  94. ↑ [8]
  95. ↑ [9]
  96. ↑ Elga Perez-Laborde:"Marcela Donoso", jornal do Brasilia, 10/10/1999
  97. ↑ Elga Perez-Laborde:"Prologo",Iconografía de Mitos y Leyendas, Marcela Donoso, ISBN 956-291-592-1 12/2002
  98. ↑ "with an impressive chromatic delivery, images come immersed in such a magic realism full of symbols", El Mercurio - Chile, 06/22/1998
  99. ↑ Dr. Antonio Fernandez, Director of the Art Museum of Universidad de Concepción:"I was impressed by her original iconographic creativity, that in a way very close to magic realism, achieves to emphasize with precision the subjects specific to each folkloric tradition, local or regional", Chile, 29/12/1997
  100. ↑ http://www.marceladonoso.cl
  101. ↑ Johnson, Ken (2000-09-22). "ART IN REVIEW; Gregory Gillespie". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B03EFDE1E3BF931A1575AC0A9669C8B63. Retrieved 2010-05-12. 
  102. ↑ [10]
  103. ↑ Johnson, Ken (2003-05-23). "ART IN REVIEW; James Valerio". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9801E3DF1731F930A15756C0A9659C8B63. Retrieved 2010-05-12. 

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